Any student of geology in any university in the world learn during its degree the relationship between the real dip and the infinite apparent dips that a plane contains. Most of students learn how to calculate a real dip from a couple of apparent dips or, inversely, how to work out an apparent dip given the real dip and another direction using the stereonet.
Stereographic projection provides an awesome graphic method for these calculation, which is very useful if one has to do a bunch of calculation, but it is not very useful if we have to deal with a large collection of data, or if we need to have a high degree of precision. Then, it is time for orthographic projections and the always useful trigonometry.
Let's imagine that we have a known plane, and we need to calculate an apparent dip. We know the dip angle and the dip direction or strike, and obviously we know the direction along we want to know the apparent dip. In this context,
δ = real dip. Note that the real dip is always measured along the maximum slope direction for a plane. No apparent dip can be larger than the real dip.
α = apparent dip. This is the dip measure along a line which is not the maximum slope direction.
β = angle between the strike direction of the plane and the apparent dip direction.
You could think that it is difficult, but it is actually quite easy. The "trick" lies on relating the three triangles involved in the diagram (one containing a and b, another containing c and b, and another containing a and c). (Note that c is the hypotenuse of the horizontal triangle)
The following trigonometric relations are quite straight and don't need much explanation:
(1) sin β = a/c; a = c ∙ sin β
(2) tan δ = b/a; b = a ∙ tan δ
(3) tan α = b/c; b = c ∙ tan α
(4) b = a ∙ tan δ
(5) b = c ∙ tan α
(6) a = c ∙ sin β
Clear so far? Now, if you equal (4) and (5), and substitute a by (6),
(7) a ∙ tan δ = c ∙ tan α
(8) c ∙ sin β ∙ tan δ = c ∙ tan α
(9) sin β ∙ tan δ = tan α
what you obtain is a direct relation between α and δ. If you want to know the real dip from an apparent dip, use (11). If you want to calculate the apparent dip from the real dip, then use (10)
(10) α = arctan (sin β ∙ tan δ)
(11) δ = arctan (tan α / sin β)Easy, isn't it?
Why you would need to use that? Well, for example, I need it sometimes; I work interpreting satellite images, focusing on structural geology. When I measure fracture lengths on a plane, I cannot really measure their length: What I measure is an "apparent length". That means, I measure the projection of a line on a horizontal plane. For example, a 100 m fracture on a plane dipping 80 degrees will look very short if the direction of that fracture is the dip direction of the plane, but it will look as 100 m if the fracture is oriented along the strike. Any direction in between, will be variable. If it is variable, how can we correct it? knowing the apparent dip in that direction.
This method provides a way of correcting this distorsion, simply using any spreadsheet. You know the length of every single fracture, and the length you have measured. You also know the real dip of the plane (well, I can measure it on the DEM!), the strike, and that is all you need to know. But this will be another explanation, coming soon :-)
Feel free to make any comments, or perhaps any correction of suggestion. Hopefully this has been useful for you.
169 comments:
Nice write up!
I made an interactive little tutorial on Apparent Dip a few weeks ago. Where you can play around with a cross-section through a dipping layer.
http://app.visiblegeology.com/apparentDip.html
You have a much better explanation and derivation, but it is always nice to play around with this stuff in 3D to get a feel for it!
Rowan, the apparent dip has a very faulty and confusing 3D display, strike direction and cross section direction weren't correct
this was the one of the most excellent explanations of apparent dip amount! Thank you much!..
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(2) tan δ = b/a; b = a ∙ tan δ
(8) c ∙ sin β ∙ tan δ = c ∙ tan α
(9) sin β ∙ tan δ = tan α
(10) α = arctan (sin β ∙ tan δ)
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"This article is a gem for geologists and anyone interested in understanding the intricacies of structural geology. The clear and concise explanation of how to calculate apparent dip from real dip, and vice versa, using orthographic projection and trigonometry is both enlightening and invaluable. The step-by-step approach and illustrative examples make this complex concept accessible to learners at all levels. Kudos to the author for breaking down this challenging topic with such clarity and precision – this is a must-read for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of geological structures!" 🌍📐🌟 #Geology #TrigonometryMastery #StructuralGeology"
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Real Dip (δ): This is the angle between the bedding plane and the horizontal plane measured in the plane of the strike.
Apparent Dip (δ'): This is the angle observed when the bedding plane is viewed in a direction other than perpendicular to its strike. It is affected by the direction from which the plane is viewed.
Orthographic Projection Concept
Orthographic projection assumes that lines of sight are parallel and perpendicular to the plane of the bedding (horizontal). This simplifies the geometry, allowing us to use basic trigonometric relationships.
Calculating Apparent Dip from Real Dip
Given:
Real Dip (δ): Angle measured in the plane of the strike.
To find Apparent Dip (δ') when viewing the plane from an angle:
Let
𝜙
ϕ be the angle between the direction of view (line of sight) and the strike direction of the bedding plane.
The relationship between the real dip and the apparent dip is given by:
tan
𝛿
′
=
sin
𝛿
cos
𝜙
cos
𝛿
tanδ
′
=
cosδ
sinδcosϕ
Where:
𝛿
δ is the real dip angle.
𝛿
′
δ
′
is the apparent dip angle observed from the given direction
𝜙
ϕ.
Example Calculation
If you know the real dip angle
𝛿
δ and the angle
𝜙
ϕ (the direction of observation relative to the strike direction), you can calculate
𝛿
′
δ
′
using the formula above.
5. Calculating Real Dip from Apparent Dip
To find the real dip angle
𝛿
δ when the apparent dip
𝛿
′
δ
′
and the direction
𝜙
ϕ of observation are known:
tan
𝛿
=
sin
𝛿
′
cos
𝛿
′
cos
𝜙
tanδ=
cosδ
′
cosϕ
sinδ
′
Where:
𝛿
′
δ
′
is the apparent dip angle observed.
𝛿
δ is the real dip angle.
Practical Application
Measurement: Measure the real dip directly in the plane of the bedding.
Observation: Determine the direction
𝜙
ϕ from which the bedding plane is viewed.
Calculation: Use the appropriate formula to calculate either the apparent dip from the real dip or the real dip from the apparent dip observed.
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